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# Authenticators

The [Authenticator][] is the mechanism for authorizing users to use the Hub and single user notebook servers.

## The default PAM Authenticator

JupyterHub ships only with the default [PAM][]-based Authenticator, for logging in with local user accounts via a username and password.

## The OAuthenticator

Some login mechanisms, such as [OAuth][], don’t map onto username and password authentication, and instead use tokens. When using these mechanisms, you can override the login handlers.

You can see an example implementation of an Authenticator that uses [GitHub OAuth][] at [OAuthenticator][].

JupyterHub’s [OAuthenticator][] currently supports the following popular services:

• Auth0

• Bitbucket

• CILogon

• GitHub

• GitLab

• Globus

• Google

• MediaWiki

• Okpy

• OpenShift

A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication with any provider, is also available.

## Additional Authenticators

• ldapauthenticator for LDAP

• tmpauthenticator for temporary accounts

• For Shibboleth, [jhub_shibboleth_auth](https://github.com/gesiscss/jhub_shibboleth_auth) and [jhub_remote_user_authenticator](https://github.com/cwaldbieser/jhub_remote_user_authenticator)

## Technical Overview of Authentication

### How the Base Authenticator works

The base authenticator uses simple username and password authentication.

The base Authenticator has one central method:

#### Authenticator.authenticate method

Authenticator.authenticate(handler, data)

This method is passed the Tornado RequestHandler and the POST data from JupyterHub’s login form. Unless the login form has been customized, data will have two keys:

• username

• password

The authenticate method’s job is simple:

• return the username (non-empty str) of the authenticated user if authentication is successful

• return None otherwise

Writing an Authenticator that looks up passwords in a dictionary requires only overriding this one method:

```python from tornado import gen from IPython.utils.traitlets import Dict from jupyterhub.auth import Authenticator

class DictionaryAuthenticator(Authenticator):

passwords = Dict(config=True,

help=”””dict of username:password for authentication”””

)

@gen.coroutine def authenticate(self, handler, data):

if self.passwords.get(data[‘username’]) == data[‘password’]:

return data[‘username’]

```

#### Normalize usernames

Since the Authenticator and Spawner both use the same username, sometimes you want to transform the name coming from the authentication service (e.g. turning email addresses into local system usernames) before adding them to the Hub service. Authenticators can define normalize_username, which takes a username. The default normalization is to cast names to lowercase

For simple mappings, a configurable dict Authenticator.username_map is used to turn one name into another:

```python c.Authenticator.username_map = {

‘service-name’: ‘localname’

}

#### Validate usernames

In most cases, there is a very limited set of acceptable usernames. Authenticators can define validate_username(username), which should return True for a valid username and False for an invalid one. The primary effect this has is improving error messages during user creation.

The default behavior is to use configurable Authenticator.username_pattern, which is a regular expression string for validation.

To only allow usernames that start with ‘w’:

`python c.Authenticator.username_pattern = r'w.*' `

### How to write a custom authenticator

You can use custom Authenticator subclasses to enable authentication via other mechanisms. One such example is using [GitHub OAuth][].

Because the username is passed from the Authenticator to the Spawner, a custom Authenticator and Spawner are often used together. For example, the Authenticator methods, [pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)][] and [post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)][], are hooks that can be used to do auth-related startup (e.g. opening PAM sessions) and cleanup (e.g. closing PAM sessions).

See a list of custom Authenticators [on the wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators).

If you are interested in writing a custom authenticator, you can read [this tutorial](http://jupyterhub-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/authenticators.html).

### Authentication state

JupyterHub 0.8 adds the ability to persist state related to authentication, such as auth-related tokens. If such state should be persisted, .authenticate() should return a dictionary of the form:

```python {

‘name’: username, ‘auth_state’: {

‘key’: ‘value’,

}

}

where username is the username that has been authenticated, and auth_state is any JSON-serializable dictionary.

Because auth_state may contain sensitive information, it is encrypted before being stored in the database. To store auth_state, two conditions must be met:

1. persisting auth state must be enabled explicitly via configuration `python c.Authenticator.enable_auth_state = True `

2. encryption must be enabled by the presence of JUPYTERHUB_CRYPT_KEY environment variable, which should be a hex-encoded 32-byte key. For example: `bash export JUPYTERHUB_CRYPT_KEY=$(openssl rand -hex 32) `

JupyterHub uses [Fernet](https://cryptography.io/en/latest/fernet/) to encrypt auth_state. To facilitate key-rotation, JUPYTERHUB_CRYPT_KEY may be a semicolon-separated list of encryption keys. If there are multiple keys present, the first key is always used to persist any new auth_state.

#### Using auth_state

Typically, if auth_state is persisted it is desirable to affect the Spawner environment in some way. This may mean defining environment variables, placing certificate in the user’s home directory, etc. The Authenticator.pre_spawn_start method can be used to pass information from authenticator state to Spawner environment:

```python class MyAuthenticator(Authenticator):

@gen.coroutine def authenticate(self, handler, data=None):

username = yield identify_user(handler, data) upstream_token = yield token_for_user(username) return {

‘name’: username, ‘auth_state’: {

‘upstream_token’: upstream_token,

},

}

@gen.coroutine def pre_spawn_start(self, user, spawner):

“””Pass upstream_token to spawner via environment variable””” auth_state = yield user.get_auth_state() if not auth_state:

# auth_state not enabled return

spawner.environment[‘UPSTREAM_TOKEN’] = auth_state[‘upstream_token’]

```

## pre_spawn_start and post_spawn_stop hooks

Authenticators uses two hooks, [pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)][] and [post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)][] to add pass additional state information between the authenticator and a spawner. These hooks are typically used auth-related startup, i.e. opening a PAM session, and auth-related cleanup, i.e. closing a PAM session.

## JupyterHub as an OAuth provider

Beginning with version 0.8, JupyterHub is an OAuth provider.

[Authenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/blob/master/jupyterhub/auth.py [PAM]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module [OAuth]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth [GitHub OAuth]: https://developer.github.com/v3/oauth/ [OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator [pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.pre_spawn_start [post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.post_spawn_stop

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